The reaction to the federal government’s plans to clamp down on cyber bullying has ranged from hostility from some libertarians to scepticism about yet another Government attempt to make the internet safer.
While not surprising, it raises an interesting question on how we deal with different forms of bullying.
The Government’s latest move was to table the Enhancing Online Safety for Children Bill 2014 last week which aims to combat the cyber bullying of young people.
A centrepiece of this legislation is the establishment of a Children’s e-Safety Commissioner who will have powers to require large social networking sites to take down cyber bullying material or incur significant fines of up to $17,000 a day.
The Commissioner will also be tasked with developing guidelines for young people, schools, parents, social networking sites and youth workers about responding to cyber bullying.
The legislation follows a Liberal Party election commitment to consider the introduction of “a new, simplified offence” to combat cyber bullying.
Coalition policy on cyber bullying as outlined in November 2012
After consultation and research commissioned by the Department of Communications, the criminal offence option was shelved and a civil enforcement regime was agreed as the preferred option.
The problem
Media response to this proposal has been mixed and the policy raises a number of important issues:
- is cyber bullying really a significant and increasing problem?
- is it so special that it requires a specific policy response?
- if so, is this legislation likely to be effective?
- how big is the problem?
The review of the Australian and international studies on the prevalence of cyber bullying revealed a huge range of estimates, from around six percent to more than 40 percent, with the best estimate being that around 20 percent of children and young people a year are involved in cyber bullying.
This variation is mainly because determining rates is highly dependent on the definition of cyber bullying, the methodology of each study and when the research was conducted. Cyber bullying is continuously changing and research conducted even a few years ago can misrepresent the current situation.
Extrapolating previous findings to the future is also likely to lead to false estimates.
Nevertheless cyber bullying has increased exponentially in recent years, mainly due to greater numbers of children having access to internet and mobile technology. Cyber bullying clearly affects a large number of Australian young people and it is right that the Government should attempt to do something about it.
What is so special about 'cyber'?
These policy developments raise interesting issues around the relationship between behaviour in cyberspace and offline; in this context, between cyber bullying and what is now known (perhaps with a hint of irony) as traditional bullying.
This is nicely illustrated by the response of the Institute of Public Affairs (IPA) which produced a report in August criticising the proposal because it is an attack on freedom of speech.
But the IPA doesn’t argue that schools who punish bullies on the playground or insist that offensive messages are removed from behind toilet doors are undermining the fundamental Australian freedom of expression. So the IPA thinks freedom of expression for bullies should be confined to the online environment?
On the other hand, the original proposal to create a specific offence of cyber bullying would have potentially criminalised large numbers of young people who would not be subject to any criminal sanctions if they go out and bully another child in the playground.
Nevertheless there are specific dangers for young people online that are not applicable in traditional bullying – in particular that cyber bullying is often publicly and permanently visible, available 24/7, can be conducted anonymously even by adults from overseas, and that home ceases to be a safe haven from the bullying.
Young people themselves, parents and teachers routinely report that they feel ill-equipped in dealing with cyberbullying.
Will the legislation be effective?
Countries around the world have attempted to develop policy responses to cyber bullying, including new offences, surveillance of the internet and the establishment of various new agencies. There is little evidence that any of these have made a significant difference.
But they are all recent innovations, so it is early days to assess their long term effectiveness.
This is a risky area of policy, with a strong probability of generating unintended consequences. Over and above the surveillance issue, the policy could, for example, encourage young people to move to less regulated platforms or websites, revert to using SMS or even traditional bullying.
Most of the academics and policy advocates in this area suggest that there should be an education campaign to advise young people to behave more considerately, both online and offline. But government education campaigns in this area have not been particularly effective and can equally backfire.
Ultimately this is a policy chasing a moving target and cyber bullying will continue to change and evolve irrespective of the policy regime. The Commissioner is as good an idea as any, and may even make a real difference.
But the system may be swamped rather quickly, especially if social networking sites and others push back against decisions.
This approach is a leap of faith and time will tell if it represents the way forward internationally or is yet another empty gesture by a government to show that it is “doing something” about the online safety of children.
Ilan Katz is a professor of social policy at the University of NSW.
This article was originally published on The Conversation. Read the original article.
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